Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It can also be transmitted from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth. Syphilis progresses through several stages, each with its own symptoms and potential complications if left untreated.
Stages of Syphilis:
- Primary Syphilis: The first stage typically begins with the appearance of a painless sore, known as a chancre, at the site of infection (e.g., genitals, mouth, or rectum). The chancre is highly contagious and may heal on its own within a few weeks.
- Secondary Syphilis: If left untreated, syphilis progresses to the secondary stage, characterized by a rash that may appear on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, or other parts of the body. Other symptoms may include fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, and fatigue. These symptoms may come and go over time.
- Latent Syphilis: In some cases, syphilis enters a latent stage where no symptoms are present. Latent syphilis can be early (less than one year since infection) or late (more than one year since infection).
- Tertiary Syphilis: Without treatment, syphilis can progress to the tertiary stage, which can cause severe complications such as damage to the heart, brain, nerves, bones, and other organs. Tertiary syphilis is rare but can be life-threatening.
Treatment of Syphilis:
Syphilis is typically treated with antibiotics, primarily penicillin. The specific treatment regimen depends on the stage of the disease and any complications present. Here are the recommended treatment regimens for syphilis:
- Primary, Secondary, or Early Latent Syphilis: A single intramuscular injection of benzathine penicillin G is the preferred treatment. Alternative antibiotics, such as doxycycline or tetracycline, may be used for individuals with penicillin allergy.
- Late Latent or Tertiary Syphilis: Treatment involves a series of three weekly injections of benzathine penicillin G.
- Neurosyphilis: Syphilis involving the central nervous system requires more intensive treatment, usually with intravenous penicillin G administered every four hours for 10 to 14 days.
Follow-Up and Monitoring:
After treatment, patients should undergo regular follow-up to monitor treatment response, assess for treatment failure or reinfection, and screen for other STIs. It’s important for sexual partners of individuals diagnosed with syphilis to be tested and treated if necessary to prevent further transmission.