Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects people with ovaries, typically during their reproductive years. PCOS is characterized by a combination of symptoms, which can vary from person to person. Some of the key features of PCOS include:
- Irregular menstrual periods: PCOS can cause menstrual cycles to be irregular, infrequent, or absent. Some individuals may experience heavy or prolonged periods.
- Excess androgen levels: Androgens are sometimes referred to as “male hormones,” although they are present in both males and females. In PCOS, there may be higher-than-normal levels of androgens, which can lead to symptoms such as acne, excessive hair growth (hirsutism), and male-pattern baldness.
- Ovarian cysts: Despite the name, not all individuals with PCOS have ovarian cysts. However, some may develop multiple small cysts on their ovaries, which are seen on ultrasound imaging.
- Insulin resistance: Many people with PCOS have insulin resistance, which means their body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin. This can lead to elevated insulin levels in the blood, which in turn can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.
- Weight gain or difficulty losing weight: Insulin resistance associated with PCOS can make it challenging to maintain a healthy weight. Weight gain, particularly around the abdomen, is common in individuals with PCOS.
- Fertility issues: PCOS is one of the leading causes of infertility in people with ovaries. Irregular ovulation or lack of ovulation can make it difficult for individuals with PCOS to conceive naturally.
The exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, but it likely involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Diagnosis of PCOS typically involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and various tests, including blood tests to measure hormone levels and ultrasound imaging to examine the ovaries.
Management of PCOS focuses on addressing individual symptoms and may include lifestyle modifications (such as diet and exercise), medications to regulate menstrual cycles, control symptoms like acne or excessive hair growth, and improve insulin sensitivity. For individuals trying to conceive, fertility treatments may be recommended. It’s important for individuals with PCOS to work closely with healthcare providers to develop a personalized treatment plan based on their specific symptoms and needs.