During menopause, a woman’s estrogen levels decrease, causing changes to the genital and urinary tracts. These changes can lead to the thinning of vaginal tissues, decreased elasticity, and reduced lubrication. These changes can also affect the urinary tract, leading to symptoms such as urinary urgency, frequency, and recurrent infections.
The main risk factors recognized to be associated with GSM besides the menopause itself are the absence of vaginal childbirth, decreased frequency and sexual abstinence, chemotherapy or radiation treatment for cancer, and the removal of the ovaries. Additionally, some medications, such as certain antidepressants, can contribute to the development of GSM.
There are various treatment options, including non-hormonal therapies, hormone replacement therapy, and vaginal laser therapy. Non-hormonal therapies such as vaginal moisturizers, lubricants, and topical estrogen creams can help relieve vaginal dryness and discomfort.